Composición de los macroinvertebrados según la calidad del agua en turberas de altura, Costa Rica / Composition of macroinvertebrates according to water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica, las turberas de altura se localizan en la Cordillera de Talamanca de 2 400 a 3 200 m. Se forman a partir de depósitos de materia orgánica en descomposición, con oxígeno reducido y baja disponibilidad de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación en la composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos según parámetros fisicoquímicos de calidad del agua superficial en turberas de altura, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se colocaron 32 sustratos artificiales en las turberas para ser colonizados por macroinvertebrados. Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas mensuales del agua superficial en ocho turberas con visitas mensuales durante la estación lluviosa. Se utilizaron los índices ICA-NSF y BMWP-CR para evaluar la calidad del agua. Resultados: Se registraron un total de diez familias correspondientes a siete géneros. Las familias más representativas fueron Chironomidae y Limnephilidae. La calidad del agua se clasificó según el ICA-NSF como de "calidad media" y como de "calidad regular a mala" según el BMWP-CR. Conclusiones: Las turberas de altura son ecosistemas poco estudiados, esta investigación evidencia la necesidad de diseñar metodologías e índices que evalúen la fauna acuática. Las turberas son diferentes entre sí, y las familias de macroinvertebrados encontrados son tolerantes a las características fisicoquímicas del agua. Es necesario realizar estudios periódicos que evalúen la calidad del agua y su relación con los macroinvertebrados acuáticos para entender la dinámica de las turberas, generar conocimiento e incrementar su protección.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica, high peatbogs are located in the Cordillera de Talamanca from 2 400 to 3 200 m. They are formed from deposits of decomposing organic matter, with reduced oxygen and low nutrient availability. Objective: To evaluate the variation in the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates according to physicochemical parameters of superficial water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica. Methods: 32 artificial substrates were placed in the peatbogs to be colonized by macroinvertebrates. Monthly physicochemical evaluations of surface water were performed in eight peatbogs with monthly visits during the rainy season. The ICA-NSF and BMWP-CR indexes were used to evaluate the water quality. Results: A total of ten families corresponding to seven genera were recorded. The most representative family was Chironomidae and Limnephilidae. Water quality was classified according to the ICA-NSF as "medium quality" and as "regular to poor quality" according to BMWP-CR. Conclusions: The high peatbogs are poorly studied ecosystems; this research shows the need to design methodologies and indices to evaluate the aquatic fauna. The peatbogs are different from each other, and the families of macroinvertebrates found are tolerant to the physicochemical characteristics of the water. Periodic studies that evaluate water quality and its relationship with aquatic macroinvertebrates are necessary to understand the dynamics of peatlands, generate knowledge and increase their protection.

Comparative Studies on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Lipid Contents of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del) Kernel and Pulp Oils

Aims: This work is aimed at investigating physicochemical parameters and compositions of fatty acid, phospholipid and sterol of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel and pulp. Study Design: Balanites aegyptiaca fruit is one of the oldest feed-stocks in Africa of which little or no attention has been given to it. The plant plays a diverse cultural and traditional role in different societies. Therefore, it is very important to explore more about the chemical composition of the kernel and pulp oils of Balanites aegyptiaca; since it is currently attracting considerable research interest as a result of its diverse beneficial properties. Methodology: The physicochemical parameters, fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols of B. aegyptiaca seed and pulp oils have been analyzed and compared with the standards and that of conventional oil for easy assessment of their suitability for nutritional and industrial applications. Results: The results of some physicochemical parameters of kernel and pulp oils were acid value (26.35 and 15.60 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (3.82 and 5.90 meq/kg), saponification value (162.40 and 198.60 mg KOH/g), iodine value (55.20 and 142.50 mg of I/100 g), specific gravity (0.93 and 0.92), kinematic viscosity (2.12 and 1.65 St) and refractive index (1.41 and 1.39), respectively. The most concentrated fatty acids were palmitic acid (14.53%) < linoleic acid (35.65%) < oleic acid (38.27%) for the kernel oil while that of pulp oil were linolenic acid (8.21%) < oleic acid (16.80%) < palmitic acid (32.70%) < linoleic acid (33.56%). Arachidic, behenic, lignoceric and myristic acids were all present in small quantities with none of them recording up to 1.0% in either of the samples. Caprylic, capric and lauric acids were determined but not detected in both oils. The fatty acid composition of kernel and pulp oils contained a healthy mixture of all the types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The value of polyunsaturated/saturated index (P/S) which is associated to the impact on human health was higher in the pulp oil (2.47). Phosphatidylcholine had the highest content in both oils that is 75.99 and 25.88 mg/100 g, respectively. The total values of phytosterols for kernel and pulp oils were 85.00 and 9.87 mg/100 g, respectively. Conclusion: Balanites aegytiaca kernel and pulp oils have the potential to substitute several materials used in manufacturing oil in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, in order to extend usage, these oils should be refined in order to improve the colour and taste.

Evaluación fisicoquímica y bacteriológica del agua del río chillón / Physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of the Chillón river water

El agua es uno de los compuestos más importantes y abundantes del ecosistema. Todos los organismos vivos de la tierra necesitan agua para su supervivencia y crecimiento. Hasta ahora, sólo La Tierra es el único planeta que tiene alrededor del 70% de agua, pero de ella sólo un muy pequeño porcentaje (0,3%) es apta para el consumo humano. Adicionalmente, el aumento de la demanda de agua como consecuencia de la población crecimiento, agricultura y desarrollo industrial ha obligado a los ambientalistas a determinar las características químicas, físicas y biológicas de los recursos hídricos naturales. La calidad de los recursos hídricos depende en gran medida de parámetros físico-químicos y características biológicas. Evaluar el monitoreo de estos parámetros es esencial para identificar la magnitud y la fuente de cualquier carga contaminante. Estas características pueden identificar cierta condición para la ecología de los organismos vivos y sugerir estrategias apropiadas de conservación y manejo. La disponibilidad de agua de buena calidad es una característica indispensable para prevenir enfermedades y mejorar calidad de vida. En este artículo se evaluó la calidad del agua, desde el punto de vista fisicoquímico y bacteriológico del río Chillón ubicado a 130 km del sur de la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Los resultados concluyeron que el río Chillón, especialmente, aguas abajo, no cumple con los estándares de calidad establecidos según normativa. El cálculo de ICARHS fue de 35,40, lo que categoriza al río Chillón con aguas de pésima calidad. Con los resultados obtenidos, se recomienda a las autoridades e instituciones gubernamentales el apoyo a continuar con el monitoreo de aguas de los ríos como una herramienta eficaz para evaluar su estado ecológico, así como para la protección de su contaminación y de la salud humana(AU)

Water is one of the most important and abundant compounds in the ecosystem. All living organisms on earth need water for their survival and growth. Until now, only the Earth is the only planet that has about 70% water, but of it only a very small percentage (0.3%) is suitable for human consumption. Additionally, the increased demand for water as a result of population growth, agriculture, and industrial development has forced environmentalists to determine the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of natural water resources. The quality of water resources depends largely on physical-chemical parameters and biological characteristics. Evaluating the monitoring of these parameters is essential to identify the magnitude and source of any contaminant load. The availability of good quality water is an essential feature to prevent diseases and improve quality of life. In this article, the quality of the water was evaluated from the physicochemical and bacteriological point of view of the Chillón River located 130 km south of the city of Lima, Peru. The results concluded that the Chillón River, especially downstream, does not meet the quality standards established according to regulations. The ICARHS calculation was 35.40, which categorizes the Chillón River as having poor quality water. With the results obtained, it is recommended that government authorities and institutions support the continuation of river water monitoring as an effective tool to assess their ecological status, as well as to protect against contamination and human health(AU)

Refugios diurnos del murciélago Rhynchonycteris naso (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) en Laguna de Términos, Campeche, México / Diurnal roosts of the bat Rhynchonycteris naso (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) in Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico

Introducción: La selección de refugios diurnos es un proceso crucial para los murciélagos debido a su influencia en la ecología, organización social y supervivencia de sus poblaciones. El murciélago narigón (Rhynchonycteris naso) es una especie protegida por leyes de México, cuyos refugios y zonas de forrajeo, están estrictamente asociados a cuerpos de agua, principalmente ríos. Por lo tanto, cambios en la calidad del agua suponen un riesgo para sus poblaciones. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre el estado actual de sus poblaciones y refugios diurnos en México, es escaso. Objetivo: Ubicar y describir los refugios diurnos de R. naso y evaluar la relación del tamaño del grupo de murciélagos con las características de los refugios, la salinidad y el pH del agua donde habitan. Métodos: De marzo a octubre 2015, se realizaron búsquedas de refugios diurnos mediante recorridos en lancha a lo largo de ríos, arroyos y lagunas, en once sitios del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Laguna de Términos, Campeche México. Por cada refugio localizado se registró el tamaño del grupo y su acomodo en el refugio, el tipo de refugio, el tipo de vegetación, la cobertura, la distancia entre refugios, el diámetro del tronco, la salinidad y el pH. Para investigar el efecto de las variables registradas en los refugios sobre el tamaño de cada grupo, se ajustaron Modelos Lineales Generalizados. Resultados: Encontramos 48 refugios en troncos secos, cortezas de árboles y puentes, asociados a cuerpos de agua dulce y oligohalina, principalmente en vegetación de manglar. El promedio (± EE) del tamaño del grupo fue de 5.3 ± 0.48 para los refugios naturales y de 22.6 ± 9.54 para los artificiales. Encontramos una relación significativa con el tipo de refugio, el tipo de vegetación y el diámetro del tronco. Los refugios con tamaño de grupo mayores presentaron un acomodo agregado. Se localizaron 40 refugios sobre cuerpos de agua dulce y ocho en oligohalina con alto nivel de agrupamiento. Conclusiones: La mayor incidencia de refugios en sitios de agua dulce y ligeramente ácida, es explicada bajo la teoría del óptimo forrajeo. Debido a que el área de estudio se encuentra en el límite de su distribución, el manglar representa el tipo de vegetación más importante para garantizar la permanencia de las poblaciones de R. naso. Adicionalmente, debido a que en algunas porciones de la zona de estudio no fue posible encontrar refugios, es crucial llevar a cabo estudios sobre la calidad del agua y los niveles de contaminación en la región. Este estudio proporciona información relevante sobre las poblaciones del murciélago Rhynchonycteris naso con implicaciones directas sobre su conservación en zonas ribereñas y humedales costeros.

Introduction: The selection of day-roost is a crucial process for bats because it influences the ecology, social organization, and survivorship aspects of their populations. Proboscis bat (Rhynchonycteris naso) is a protected species by Mexican law, whose foraging and roosting areas are strongly associated with bodies of water, primarily rivers. Therefore, alterations in the water quality pose a risk to their populations. However, knowledge of the current state of their populations and roosting ecology is very poor in Mexico. Objectives: To locate and to describe R. naso's diurnal roosts, and to evaluate the relationship of the group size per roost with the characteristics of the diurnal roost, the salinity and pH of the water where they inhabit. Methods: From March to October 2015, we searched diurnal roost through boat tours along rivers, streams, and lagoons, in eleven sites in the Laguna de Términos Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Campeche, Mexico. For each localized roost, we recorded the group size, and their spatial distribution, the type of roost and vegetation, the distance between roosts, the diameter of trunk, the salinity, and pH. In order to investigate the effect of the variables recorded in diurnal roost on size group, generalized linear models were adjusted. Results: We found 48 diurnal roost in dead tree-trunks, tree bark and bridges, associated with freshwater, and oligohaline bodies, mainly in mangrove vegetation. The average size of the groups was 5.3 ± 0.48 and 22.6 ± 9.54 in natural and artificial roosts, respectively. We found a significant relationship with the type of roost, type of vegetation and diameter of trunk. Roosts with larger groups of bats presented an aggregated distribution. We located 40 diurnal roosts on freshwater bodies and eight in oligohaline with a high grouping level. Conclusions: Greater incidence of roost in fresh and lightly acid water is explained under optimal foraging theory. Because the study area is found in the limit of their distribution, mangrove is a very important vegetation type to guarantee the establishment of R. naso populations. Also, due no roosts were found in some portions of the study zone, quality of water, and contaminant level studies are crucial. This study provides relevant information on their populations with direct implications for the conservation in coastal areas.

Seasonal performance of aquatic macrophytes in improving physicochemical parameters of swine wastewater / Desempenho sazonal de macrófitas aquáticas na melhoria de parâmetros físico-químicos de efluente de suinocultura

Abstract Swine wastewaters (SW) present organic load and nutrient content, what have caused degradation of water quality in many watercourses. Thus, the aquatic macrophytes represent an alternative for the depollution of these wastewaters, due to the high recovery power. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. in improving the physicochemical targets of SW, as well as to quantify the total ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+) and total phosphorus (total P) in the plant tissue of the macrophytes and the dry matter biomass (DMB) in two seasons of the year (spring and winter). The experiment was designed in a randomized block design, with 4 treatments (T) with 4 replicates: T1 = Control (without plants); T2 = E. crassipes; T3 = P. stratiotes; and T4 = S. auriculata, submitted to a SW diluted in 50% water. The monitoring is done in tanks during a period of 30 days of each season. Electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, NH4+ and dissolved phosphorus (P) were analyzed in the SW. In the plants, the contents of NH4+, total P and DMB were determined. It was verified that, in the spring, the plants showed higher production of DMB and a more significant reduction of EC, NH4+ and P, when compared to the plants managed in the SW in the winter. E. crassipes was more efficient at removing P (39%) and total NH4+ (80.2%), and EC reducing (92%) of SW and DMB production in the spring. The results demonstrated that the NH4+ uptake by E. crassipes contributed to a considerable removal of NH4+ and P from SW.

Resumo Os efluentes da suinocultura apresentam elevado teor de carga orgânica e de nutrientes, o que dificulta o seu tratamento. Dessa forma, as macrófitas aquáticas representam uma alternativa para a despoluição desses efluentes, devido ao alto poder de absorção que essas plantas possuem. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho das plantas Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes L. e Salvinia auriculata Aubl. na melhoria das características físico-químicas de um efluente de suinocultura, bem como quantificar o teor dos elementos nitrogênio amoniacal total (NH4+) e fósforo total (P total) no tecido vegetal das macrófitas e a biomassa de matéria seca (BMS) produzida em duas estações do ano (primavera e inverno). O experimento compreendeu delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos (T) com 4 repetições, sendo eles: T1 = Testemunha (sem plantas); T2 = E. crassipes; T3 = P. stratiotes; e T4 = S. auriculata, submetidos a efluente de suinocultura diluídos em 50% de água. O cultivo ocorreu em tanques instalados ao ar livre durante 30 dias de cada estação. Foram analisados, nos efluentes, os parâmetros de condutividade elétrica (CE), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), pH, turbidez, NH4+ e fósforo disponível (P). Nas plantas, foram determinados os teores de NH4+, P total e BMS. Foi verificado que, na primavera, as plantas apresentaram maior produção de BMS e redução mais expressiva de CE, NH4+ e P, quando comparadas às plantas manejadas no efluente suíno no inverno. A E. crassipes foi mais eficiente na remoção de P (39%) e NH4+ total (80,2%), e na redução da CE (92%) do efluente suíno e na produção de biomassa seca, na primavera.

Physicochemical, phytochemical, and GC–MS analysis of leaf and fruit of Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni

Medicinal plants have been used to treat various illnesses for decades. The present study supports thephysicochemical, phytochemical, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of themethanolic extract of Pouteria campechiana leaves and fruits, in order to propose that the bona fide plantmaterial is suitably for traditional use. The physicochemical evaluations and fluorescence analysis weredetermined according to standard protocols. The phytochemical constituents were carried out by bothqualitative and quantitative methods. The GC–MS analysis was carried out to identify the compounds present.The physicochemical parameters revealed that the total ash content of P. campechiana leaves is more than thefruit. The water-soluble ash value of P. campechiana leaves is less than the acid-soluble ash value of the leaf,but the water-soluble ash value of P. campechiana fruit is greater than the acid-soluble ash value of the fruit.The water-extractive value of P. campechiana leaves and fruit is better when compared to the alcohol-extractivevalue. Moisture content, swelling index, and foaming index were found to be greater in the leaves than the fruit.Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Quantitative analysisrevealed that the leaf extract consists of high phenolic compounds followed by total flavonoids and total tanninthan the fruit extract. The total alkaloid was found to be higher in the fruit extract than the leaf extract. Energydispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis of the leaves showed the presence of elements such as N, O, Cl, K, Ca,and C and fruits showed the presence of N, O, K, and C. The GC–MS analysis of P. campechiana leaf and fruitreveals the presence of 9 and 12 compounds, respectively. The results of the present study provide apparentinformation of the plant and also serve as an analytical tool for appropriate identification. Hence, this plantexhibits rich phytopharmaceutical importance.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Waters of Lower River Kuywa

Heavy metals are required by the biological organisms as nutrients but their availability above certain limits leads to adverse conditions such as bone, nerve and internal body organs damage like liver, high blood pressure, acute poisoning and death in animals and human beings and reduction of photosynthesis production, inhibition of seed germination and decreased crop yield in plants. River Kuywa being in a rich inorganic farming of sugarcane and maize area aswell as industrial and urban environment, it is exposed to pollution. The objective was to determine the levels of heavy metal concentration using an Atomic absorption spectrometer and the effects of physicochemical parameters to the metal ions concentration which could arise from pollution. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were found to be (22.9, 23.3 C̊), (7.19, 4.34), (312.43, 318.45 μS) and (201, 204 mg/L) for upstream and downstream side of pollutants entry point respectively. Chromium, Copper and Zinc ions had relatively high concentrations compared to Cadmium ions. Lead ions were below the detection limit. Chromium, Copper and Zinc had (0.2660 ppm, 0.4276 ppm), (0.1306 ppm, 0.085 ppm) and (0.1369 ppm, 0.1395 ppm) while Cadmium had (0.0684 ppm, 0.0513 ppm) for upstream and downstream respectively. All physicochemical parameters were within WHO limits except pH. Chromium and Cadmium concentrations were above WHO limits while Copper and Zinc were below. Chromium had elevated concentration compared to other metals. There should be continuous and close monitoring of Chromium levels by reducing the factors leading to high rate of rock weathering and leaching.The water having Chromium and Cadmium concentrations above recommended limits, it should be treated first for Quality Assurance before it is consumed. Agencies like NEMA and WARMA should increase water quality surveillance operations for surface water.

Calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la leche materna de madres donantes colombianas / Physicochemical and microbiological quality of breast milk from Colombian donor mothers

RESUMEN La "leche humana", constituye el mejor alimento que puede darse en forma exclusiva al recién nacido generando el vínculo físico-biológico más importante entre la madre y la cría tras el parto. En este trabajo se planteó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo transversal sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y calidad microbiológica de la leche humana suministrada por 68 madres lactantes en edades de entre 15 a 39 años, de dos estratos socioeconómicos colombianos asociados al departamento del Tolima, considerando tipos de leche calostro, transición y madura, en relación a los parámetros de calidad establecidos en los programas de bancos de leche humana, además del contenido de cloruros, fenoles, fósforo y el perfil de electroforesis para proteínas. Los resultados de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las muestras presentan variabilidad según el tipo de leche, difiriendo en algunos casos entre los promedios observados en los parámetros por estrato social. El análisis microbiológico descarta cargas excesivas de enterobacterias lactosa positivas en términos de NMP, mostrando valores aptos para el consumo de los lactantes. La técnica de electroforesis revela la presencia de lactoalbúmina, inmunoglobulina, caseína, albumina y lactoferrina, no siempre reportados en este tipo de trabajos. La investigación realizada se consolida como guía e iniciativa para el desarrollo de trabajos similares en otras zonas del país y con ello el fortalecimiento de programas mundiales de lactancia materna.

ABSTRACT Human milk constitutes the best food that can be given exclusively to the newborn, generating the best and most important physical-biological link between the mother and her newborn. We conducted an observational descriptive and cross-sectional retrospective study on the physicochemical properties and microbiological quality of human milk supplied by 68 lactating mothers between 15 and 39 years of age from two Colombian socioeconomic strata in the Tolima department. We evaluated type of milk colustrum transition and mature, with respect to the quality parameters established in human milk bank programs, in addition to Chloride, phenol, phosphorus content and protein profiles for using electrophoresis. Microbiological analysis discards excessive loads of lactose positive Enterobacter in terms of MPN, showing values suitable for the consumption of infants. The electrophoresis technique reveals the presence of lactalbumin, immunoglobulin, casein, albumin and lactoferrin, not always reported in this type of work. This research can be a guide and initiative for the development of similar work in other areas of the country and with it the strengthening of global breastfeeding programs.

Physicochemical parameters and content of B-complex vitamins: an exploratory study of bee pollen from southern Brazilian states / Parámetros físico-químicos y contenido de vitaminas del complejo B: un estudio exploratorio del polen apícola del sur de Brasil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the presence of B-complex vitamins and some physicochemical parameters in bee pollen samples from the southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and, then, to identify their correlations with the geographical and botanical origin of the samples using multivariate statistical techniques. B-complex vitamins were determined by HPLC and mean contents were 0.79 mg/100 g (vitamin B1), 0.88 mg/100 g (vitamin B2), 5.31 mg/100 g (sum of vitamin B3 vitamers) and 4.42 mg/100 g (sum of B6 vitamers). The physicochemical parameters of the samples were consistent with those reported in the literature. The results showed that bee pollen is an important source of B-complex vitamins and multivariate statistical exploratory techniques suggested its nutritional content should be evaluated locally.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de vitaminas del complejo B y algunos parámetros físico-químicos en muestras de polen apícola oriundas de los Estados del Sur de Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul); y correlacionar estos resultados con el origen botánico y geográfico, usando un análisis estadístico multivariado. Las vitaminas del complejo B fueron determinadas por HPLC y su contenido fue de 0,79 mg/100 g (vitamina B1); 0,88 mg/100 g (vitamina B2); 5,31 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B3); y 4,42 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B6). Los parámetros físico-químicos de las muestras fueron consistentes con los reportados en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron que el polen apícola fue una fuente importante de vitaminas del complejo B, y las técnicas multivariadas sugirieron que su contenido nutricional debe ser evaluado localmente.

CALIDAD BACTERIOLÓGICA DEL AGUA DE LOS RÍOS MANAURE Y CASACARÁ, DEPARTAMENTO DEL CESAR, COLOMBIA / BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE WATER OF THE MANAURE AND CASACARA RIVERS, DEPARTMENT OF CESAR, COLOMBIA

Se evaluó la calidad microbiológica del agua de los ríos Manaure y Casacará (departamento del Cesar, Colombia) durante la temporada de lluvias y de sequía. Se estimaron las concentraciones de coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, enterococos fecales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Salmonella a través del método del Sustrato Definido. Los valores de coliformes totales y coliformes fecales se compararon con la normatividad colombiana (Resolución 2115 del 2007 y Decretos 1594 del 1984 y 3930 de 2010). Los resultados de los parámetros microbiológicos evaluados fueron variables para ambos ríos en las dos épocas climáticas, siendo mayores en la temporada de sequía. Se determinó que la presencia de las bacterias indicadoras de contaminación fecal y potencialmente patógenas en los ríos estudiados se debe a los vertimientos aledaños de aguas residuales domésticas, agrícolas y asentamientos humanos que condicionan la calidad y el uso de recurso hídrico establecido por la normatividad colombiana.

The microbiological quality of the water of the Manaure and Casacará rivers (department of Cesar, Colombia) was evaluated during the rainy and dry season. The concentrations of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella were determined through the Defined Substrate method. The values of total coliforms and fecal coliforms were compared with the Colombian regulations (Resolution 2115 of 2007 and decrees 1594 of 1984 and 3930 of 2010). The results of the microbiological parameters evaluated were variable for both rivers, being higher in the dry season. It was determined that the presence of fecal contamination indicators and potentially pathogenic bacteria in the studied rivers is due to the surrounding discharges of domestic and agricultural wastewater, and to human settlements that condition the quality and use of water resources established by Colombian regulations.

Caracterização de efluente têxtil e avaliação da capacidade de remoção de cor utilizando o fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI / Textile effluent characterization and evaluation of capacity color removal using the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI

RESUMO Os processos industriais de produção têxtil têm como característica o uso de grandes volumes de água durante as etapas de lavagem e tingimento dos tecidos, resultando em efluentes com enorme diversidade e complexidade química. A presença de corantes dissolvidos é bastante visível e problemática, considerando sua recalcitrância e cinética de degradação lenta. Neste trabalho, o fungo Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI foi avaliado quanto à capacidade de descoloração de efluente industrial têxtil. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em biorreator de bancada (5 L) com tempo de incubação de 192 horas. A eficiência de descoloração variou de 19,52% (24 h) a 91,26% (168 h) e a produção de biomassa micelial variou de 1,23 g.L-1 (24 h) a 7,60 g.L-1 (168 h). Produção de exopolissacarídeo (EPS) também foi observada, com quantidades variando de 2,84 g L-1 em 24 h a 4,28 g.L-1 em 48 h. A caracterização do efluente industrial indicou valores de alguns parâmetros de controle fora dos padrões de lançamento exigidos pela legislação brasileira, com elevada demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) (659 mg.L-1) e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) (328 mg.L-1). A análise de toxicidade utilizando o microcrustáceo Artemia salina demonstrou que a concentração de efluente bruto que causou a mortalidade de 50% dos organismos (CL50) foi de aproximadamente 14,72% (v/v) e ao final do tratamento foi de 4,98% (v/v). Embora o fungo não tenha sido hábil na detoxificação biológica do efluente, ele apresentou resultados promissores quanto à capacidade de remoção de cor, demonstrando potencial de uso em processos auxiliares de tratamento de efluente industrial têxtil visando descoloração.

ABSTRACT The industrial processes of textile production are characterized by the use of large volumes of water during the washing steps and fabric dyeing, resulting in effluent with enormous diversity and chemical complexity. The presence of dissolved dyes is quite noticeable and problematic, considering their recalcitrance and slow degradation kinetic. In this work, the Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI fungus was evaluated for their ability to removing color from effluent. The assays were performed in a bench-scale bioreactor (5 L) with an incubation time of 192 hours. The decoloring efficiency ranged from 19.52% on 24h to 91,26% on 168 h and the mycelial biomass production ranged from 1.23 g.L-1 (24 h) to 7.60 g.L-1 (168 h). Production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) also was observed, with amounts ranged from 2.84 g.L-1 (24 h) to 4.28 g.L-1 (48 h). The characterization of the effluent showed some values of control parameters outside the discharge standards required by Brazilian law, with high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (659 mg.L-1) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) (328 mg.L-1). The toxicity analysis using the microcrustacean Artemia salina, showed that the raw effluent concentration that caused 50% mortality of organisms (LC50) was approximately 14.72% (v/v) and at the end of treatment was 4.98% (v/v). Although the fungus was not efficient in biological detoxification of the effluent, it showed promising results for its color removal capacity, demonstrating potential for use in auxiliary treatment processes of textile effluents for the color removal.

Avaliação dos fatores físico-químicos que controlam o desenvolvimento do Clostridium botulinum em mortadelas comercializadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro

A mortadela é um produto cárneo embutido muito consumido pelos brasileiros. Por ser um alimento embalado à vácuo apresenta condições propícias ao desenvolvimento de esporos bacterianos de patógenos como o Clostridium botulinum. Muitos aditivos usados na produção de carnes industrializadas visam melhorar o sabor, a cor e a aparência do produto, além de estender a sua vida útil. Desta forma, os fatores que garantem a segurança destes produtos são a conservação em baixas temperaturas após sua produção, na comercialização e no transporte; adição dos conservantes nitrato e nitrito de sódio nas concentrações adequadas; e o tratamento térmico adequado durante o seu processamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o risco da presença da toxina botulínica em amostras de mortadela através da análise das características físico químicas do produto. Foram coletadas, no varejo do município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, dez amostras de mortadelas de cinco diferentes marcas comerciais, que foram analisadas quanto ao pH, atividade de água, teor de umidade, resíduo mineral fixo, temperatura de conservação, data de fabricação e prazo de validade. De acordo com o risco do crescimento do Clostridium botulinum, 100% das amostras apresentaram atividade de água (Aw) acima de 0,955 e pH acima dos valores de 4,5 o que favorece a multiplicação dessa bactéria.

Mortadella is a sausage widely consumed in Brazil. It is a vacuum packed food, what provides conditions conducive to the development of spores of pathogen bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum. Many additives used in the production of processed meats aim to improve the flavor, color, appearance of the product and extend its shelf-life. The major factors to guarantee the safety of these products are low temperatures stocking, commercialization and transport; addition of preservatives sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite at the appropriate concentrations; and the appropriate heat treatment during processing. This work aimed to evaluate the risk of the presence of botulin toxin in mortadella samples by analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the product. Ten mortadella samples from five different commercial brands were collected at a market, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. The samples were analyzed for pH, water activity, moisture content, fixed mineral residue, storage temperature, date of manufacture and expiry date. According to the risk of Clostridium botulinum presence, all samples presented water activity (Aw) above 0.955 and pH above 4,5, conditions that favors bacteria proliferation.

Efficiency analysis of the australian wastewater treatment system in a pig slaughterhouse / Análise da eficiência do sistema australiano de tratamento de águas residuais em um abatedouro de suínos

Pig farming is a significant economic activity in the food industry and the meat trade. However, pig slaughterhouses release their waste through effluents, which may spread pathogenic microorganisms and degrade the environment, particularly in bodies of water. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of the Australian wastewater treatment system and the quality of the Effluent Treatment Station (ETS) of a pig slaughterhouse, which flows into the Laranja Azeda stream in the city of Dourados (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Effluentsampling was carried out in the ETS using treatment ponds (Australian system), from the input to the output, over a period of one year. Physicochemical and biological parameters were assessed to measure the effluentquality. The results showed a reduction in organic matter and microorganisms. The concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH, effluent temperature, redox potential, as well as the amount of coliforms, exhibited a significant reduction (p<0.005). The waste management brought by the ETS promoted the removal of pollutants from the effluent. However, these procedures were not enough to satisfy Brazilian and international parameters proposed by the WHO, which regulate the dumping of waste into water bodies.

A suinocultura é uma atividade econômica que ocupa posição de destaque no cenário mundial alimentício vinculado ao comércio da carne. No entanto, abatedouros de suínos geram resíduos que são liberados pelos efluentes e podem disseminar microrganismos patogênicos e degradar o meio ambiente, especialmente em corpos hídricos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do sistema australiano e qualidade do efluente proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Efluente (ETE) de um abatedouro de suínos liberada no Córrego Laranja Azeda localizado na cidade de Dourados (Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). As coletas das amostras de efluentes na ETE foram realizadas nas lagoas de tratamento (sistema australiano) desde a sua entrada até a saída durante o período de um ano. Para mensuração da qualidade de água foram avaliados parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos. Parâmetros referentes à Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio e a Demanda Química de Oxigênio foram aferidos de acordo com a American Public Health Association e, além destes foram mensurados quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos e potencial de oxi-redução do efluente. A técnica dos tubos múltiplos foi utilizada para quantificação de coliformes totais (CT) e coliformes termotolerantes (CTT). Os resultados apontaram a redução de matéria orgânica e microrganismos. As médias dos parâmetros avaliados apresentaram redução significativa (p<0,005) para a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura da água, potencial de oxi-redução, quantidade de coliformes presentes na água. O manejo dos resíduos gerados pela ETE acarretou na remoção de poluentes do efluente, mas não foi eficiente em atender os parâmetros legais brasileiros e internacionais que normatizam o seu despejo em corpos de água. Considera-se necessária maior fiscalização das condições referentes a qualidade de água do efluente lançado neste córrego, pois o resultado indica risco de saúde para a comunidade ribeirinha que faz uso dessa água para banhos, dessedentação de animais, irrigação e outras atividades domésticas.

Seasonal performance of aquatic macrophytes in improving physicochemical parameters of swine wastewater

Abstract Swine wastewaters (SW) present organic load and nutrient content, what have caused degradation of water quality in many watercourses. Thus, the aquatic macrophytes represent an alternative for the depollution of these wastewaters, due to the high recovery power. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. in improving the physicochemical targets of SW, as well as to quantify the total ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+) and total phosphorus (total P) in the plant tissue of the macrophytes and the dry matter biomass (DMB) in two seasons of the year (spring and winter). The experiment was designed in a randomized block design, with 4 treatments (T) with 4 replicates: T1 = Control (without plants); T2 = E. crassipes; T3 = P. stratiotes; and T4 = S. auriculata, submitted to a SW diluted in 50% water. The monitoring is done in tanks during a period of 30 days of each season. Electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, NH4+ and dissolved phosphorus (P) were analyzed in the SW. In the plants, the contents of NH4+, total P and DMB were determined. It was verified that, in the spring, the plants showed higher production of DMB and a more significant reduction of EC, NH4+ and P, when compared to the plants managed in the SW in the winter. E. crassipes was more efficient at removing P (39%) and total NH4+ (80.2%), and EC reducing (92%) of SW and DMB production in the spring. The results demonstrated that the NH4+ uptake by E. crassipes contributed to a considerable removal of NH4+ and P from SW.

Resumo Os efluentes da suinocultura apresentam elevado teor de carga orgânica e de nutrientes, o que dificulta o seu tratamento. Dessa forma, as macrófitas aquáticas representam uma alternativa para a despoluição desses efluentes, devido ao alto poder de absorção que essas plantas possuem. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho das plantas Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Pistia stratiotes L. e Salvinia auriculata Aubl. na melhoria das características físico-químicas de um efluente de suinocultura, bem como quantificar o teor dos elementos nitrogênio amoniacal total (NH4+) e fósforo total (P total) no tecido vegetal das macrófitas e a biomassa de matéria seca (BMS) produzida em duas estações do ano (primavera e inverno). O experimento compreendeu delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos (T) com 4 repetições, sendo eles: T1 = Testemunha (sem plantas); T2 = E. crassipes; T3 = P. stratiotes; e T4 = S. auriculata, submetidos a efluente de suinocultura diluídos em 50% de água. O cultivo ocorreu em tanques instalados ao ar livre durante 30 dias de cada estação. Foram analisados, nos efluentes, os parâmetros de condutividade elétrica (CE), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), pH, turbidez, NH4+ e fósforo disponível (P). Nas plantas, foram determinados os teores de NH4+, P total e BMS. Foi verificado que, na primavera, as plantas apresentaram maior produção de BMS e redução mais expressiva de CE, NH4+ e P, quando comparadas às plantas manejadas no efluente suíno no inverno. A E. crassipes foi mais eficiente na remoção de P (39%) e NH4+ total (80,2%), e na redução da CE (92%) do efluente suíno e na produção de biomassa seca, na primavera.

In-vitro bioequivalence, physicochemical and economic benefits study for marketed innovator and generic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets in Saudi Arabia.

The objective of the present study was to compare and evaluate the economic benefits and in-vitro bioequivalence of different marketed generic ciprofloxacin tablets against the innovator tablet formulation that are present in the local market of Saudi Arabia. The comparative bioequivalence and physicochemical study of five ciprofloxacin marketed tablets were performed through the assessment of the uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration, dissolution, and content assay of the products. In order to compare the dissolution profiles of all generic tablet formulations and the innovator, a model independent approach of similarity factor (f2) and difference factor (f1) was employed in the in vitro dissolution studies. Deviations were noted in two generic products, these deviations caused significant differences in disintegration time and dissolution profile in only one of the generic products. All tested generic products passed USP monograph dissolution testing except one product which failed to pass both similarity factor (f2) and difference factor (f1) tests required by FDA bioequivalence testing. The majority of generic products in Saudi Arabia which had lower prices showed comparable quality to innovator.

Avaliação da qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação na bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ / Quality evaluation of the water used for irrigation in the Córrego Sujo basin, Teresópolis, RJ

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica das águas utilizadas para irrigação de hortaliças na Bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ, importante polo agrícola cuja produção abastece a região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Análises de coliformes termotolerantes, bactérias heterotróficas totais e parâmetros físico-químicos foram realizados em oito diferentes pontos dos canais fluviais dessa bacia. Segundo a Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos estudados, exceção para oxigênio dissolvido em duas estações (6 e 7), apresentaram valores próprios para a irrigação de hortaliças consumidas cruas e que se desenvolvem rente ao solo, como as cultivadas no local. Porém, segundo a mesma resolução, apenas uma estação (4) apresentou água com qualidade microbiológica própria para esse mesmo fim. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior controle da qualidade das águas utilizadas para irrigação nessa região; uma vez que hortaliças irrigadas com águas contaminadas podem transmitir diversas doenças.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the water used for vegetables irrigation in the Córrego Sujo basin, Teresopolis-RJ; an important agricultural pole that supplies the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Analysis of fecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria and physicochemical parameters were held in eight different points of the river channels in this basin. According to the CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, physicochemical parameters results, except for dissolved oxygen, in two stations (6 and 7) showed proper values for irrigation of raw consumed vegetables and low vegetation like those cultivated in the region. However, according to the same resolution, only one station (4) presented water with proper microbiological quality for the same purpose. Our results indicate the need for greater quality control of the water used for irrigation in this region as vegetables irrigation with contaminated water can transmit several diseases.

Spatial distribution & physicochemical characterization of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti in & around Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Background & objectives: Dengue infection is endemic in several areas and the dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Thus, it becomes important to understand the breeding ecology of dengue vector and characterize the physicochemical parameters of its breeding habitat. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical parameters of the breeding habitat of the dengue vector and to find out the nutrient composition of the habitat in and around Kolkata, West Bengal. In addition, a geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the disease prone areas for its effective management and prevention. Methods: Water samples were collected from various breeding habitats of Aedes mosquitoes of Kolkata and adjoining areas and were analysed for various physicochemical properties like acidity, alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, concentration of chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), fluoride (F-) in relation to larval prevalence. Results: Parameters like water pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, electrical conductivity, concentration of chloride, sodium and potassium were seen to vary throughout the year. Certain parameters were found to be dependent on container type, like concentration of fluoride. Significant positive correlations were seen between per dip larval density and total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity. Interpretation & conclusions: Water pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids were seen to play a major role in the ovipositional preferences. Container type did not seem to affect TDS. Tyres had the highest TDS in most of the cases. Nutrient composition like sodium concentration was mostly found in the coconut shells, potassium concentration also showed the same. Thus, container type and various parameters and nutrients play a major role in determining where a gravid female mosquito will lay its eggs. It was observed that by altering various chemical and physical properties of breeding habitats it was possible to control the larvae survivability.

Pharmacognostic studies of the stem bark of Chloroxylon swietenia DC.

Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (Family: Rutaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments like fungal infection of skin, rheumatism, common cold, cough, ophthalmic infection and cataract, wounds and as an astringent. However, detailed scientific information is not available to identify the plant material, in order to ascertain its quality and purity. In this paper, we report the pharmacognostic evaluation of the bark for the purpose of its identification and differentiation from related species. The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the bark were investigated. Transverse section of the bark shows presence of cork, cortex, medullary rays, and stone cells. Presence of cork, stone cells, phloem fibres and parenchyma cells which were also observed in the powdered sample of the bark. The result of preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence of alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, tannins flavonoids and triterpenoids. The present study will be useful for its identification prior to carrying out further research work. The findings of this study will facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and aid in the preparation of a herbal monograph for the species.

Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Suitability of Natural Sources of Water for Drinking in Rural Areas of East Sikkim, India.

In Sikkim, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in the rural areas of East Sikkim using a water quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 225 samples, that is, 75 in winter, 75 in summer, and 75 in monsoon were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis, and a WQI was calculated. The water quality values ranged 32.01-96.71. The results showed that most of the water samples were in poor condition (85.3%) and very few of them were in good condition (2.6%). The water quality of the natural sources indicated that the water is poor-quality and not totally safe for human consumption, and that it needs treatment before consumption.

Physicochemical Properties and Organoleptic Quality of M. oleifera Seed Oil.

The study were undertaken in order to determine the physico-chemical properties and sensory attribute of oils extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. The oils were extracted from the seeds and analyzed for moisture content, specific gravity, saponification value, refractive index, peroxide value, acid number, iodine value and sensory quality. The fresh oil was also characterized for its sensory attribute using three different foods. The seed oil had the following physical and chemical parameters. The color (yellow), moisture content (2.0%), specific gravity 1.0598 kg/dm3), refractive index (1.465±0.04), acid values (0.67 mg/KOH/g), iodine value (110g/100g), peroxide value (7.0 meq/kg), saponification value (178.10 mg/KOHg), melting point (36.7), Flash point (0c) (162) and rancidity (14.0). Organoleptic scoring show that yam fried with Moringa seed oil had more taste, color, aroma than yam fried with vegetable oil while chicken and egg fried with vegetable oil had higher taste, color, aroma and overall acceptance scoring than chicken and egg fried with Moringa seed oil. The study showed that Moringa seed oil can be used as nutritional oil, industrial raw material and nutraceuticals.